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Declined JEES: Journal of Education and Educational Sciences

Relationship Between the Nature of Mathematics, Attitudes Toward Mathematics, Mathematical Literacy, and Computational Thinking: A PLS-SEM Analysis

Desi Wulandari, Septi Reva Ramadhani, Novi Diyananingsih, Neneng Saripah

This study aims to assess the relationship between various aspects of mathematics—including mathematical properties, attitudes toward mathematics, mathematical literacy, and computational thinking—among elementary school students. The methodology employed in this study uses a quantitative approach with the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. In this study, a sample of 240 fifth-grade elementary school students from four different schools was selected. Data were collected through tests and questionnaires designed to assess students’ computational thinking skills, mathematical literacy, and their views and attitudes toward mathematics. The results of the study indicate that mathematical nature has a positive and significant effect on attitudes toward mathematics, which in turn impacts mathematical literacy and low-level computational thinking skills. Low-level computational thinking skills also have a strong influence on high-level computational thinking skills. Mediation analysis shows that attitudes toward mathematics, mathematical literacy, and low-level computational thinking skills act as significant mediators. These findings underscore the importance of students’ attitudes and beliefs toward mathematics in enhancing literacy and computational thinking; therefore, learning should be designed in a contextual and meaningful way to support higher-order thinking skills.

Under Review JEES: Journal of Education and Educational Sciences

Psychometric Evaluation of the Primary School Students’ Perceived Teacher Trust Behavior Scale

Ritasari, Melisa, Dina siti sakinah

Students' perceptions of trust behaviors demonstrated by teachers significantly correlated with their involvement in learning, academic motivation, and the formation of positive behaviors in the elementary school classroom environment. The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric nature of the Perceived Teacher Trust Behavior Scale (PTTBS), which serves as a measurement tool for students' perceptions of teacher trust behavior. This study used a quantitative approach that included 340 students from public elementary schools. Data was obtained through the PTTBS questionnaire which included four dimensions: emotional support, moral recognition, academic support, and competence recognition. Data analysis was carried out using SmartPLS 4 through the PLS-SEM approach, which combines Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The EFA results showed a KMO value of 0.789, CFA results showed that all outer loading was above 0.70, with a Composite Reliability value of > 0.80 and an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value of > 0.50. The discriminant validity test using HTMT showed a value below 0.85. Discriminant validity assessment using HTMT showed a value below 0.85. The fit model index illustrates outstanding conformity with values of CFI = 1,000, TLI> 0.90, and SRMR = 0.032. These results suggest that PTTBS is a legitimate and reliable tool for measuring elementary school student’ perceptions of teacher trust behavior. This research strengthens the construction of PTTBS in the context of elementary schools in Indonesia and makes an empirical contribution to the use of PTTBS in educational research.

Declined JEES: Journal of Education and Educational Sciences

Psychometric Evaluation of the Primary School Students’ Perceived Teacher Trust Behavior Scale

Ritasari, Dina siti sakinah, Melisa

Students' perceptions of trust behaviors demonstrated by teachers significantly correlated with their involvement in learning, academic motivation, and the formation of positive behaviors in the elementary school classroom environment. The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric nature of the Perceived Teacher Trust Behavior Scale (PTTBS), which serves as a measurement tool for students' perceptions of teacher trust behavior. This study used a quantitative approach that included 340 students from public elementary schools. Data was obtained through the PTTBS questionnaire which included four dimensions: emotional support, moral recognition, academic support, and competence recognition. Data analysis was carried out using SmartPLS 4 through the PLS-SEM approach, which combines Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The EFA results showed a KMO value of 0.789, CFA results showed that all outer loading was above 0.70, with a Composite Reliability value of > 0.80 and an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value of > 0.50. The discriminant validity test using HTMT showed a value below 0.85. Discriminant validity assessment using HTMT showed a value below 0.85. The fit model index illustrates outstanding conformity with values of CFI = 1,000, TLI> 0.90, and SRMR = 0.032. These results suggest that PTTBS is a legitimate and reliable tool for measuring elementary school student’ perceptions of teacher trust behavior. This research strengthens the construction of PTTBS in the context of elementary schools in Indonesia and makes an empirical contribution to the use of PTTBS in educational research.

Under Review JEES: Journal of Education and Educational Sciences

The Relationship of Mathematics Self-Efficacy, Language Self-Efficacy, Reading Interest, and Bullying with the Academic Achievement of Formal and Nonformal Education Students: A Multivariate Analysis

Putri Ajeng Lestari, Silvi Maulidatul Fitri, Turinah Maryam

This study examines the relationships between mathematics self-efficacy, language self-efficacy, reading interest, bullying, gender, type of educational unit, and achievement in Indonesian Language and Mathematics. A quantitative, correlational, and cross-sectional design was applied to 241 Grade IV students from formal and nonformal educational units in Cirebon, Indonesia. Data were collected through questionnaires measuring mathematics self-efficacy, language self-efficacy, reading interest, and bullying, together with documented academic scores. SmartPLS was used only to assess the convergent validity and internal consistency of the questionnaire constructs. The main hypothesis testing was conducted using the General Linear Model Multivariate procedure. The results showed that mathematics self-efficacy, language self-efficacy, reading interest, bullying, and type of educational unit were significantly associated with the combined academic outcomes, whereas gender was not significant. Mathematics self-efficacy was specifically associated with Mathematics scores, while language self-efficacy was specifically associated with Indonesian Language scores. Reading interest was positively associated with both subjects, whereas bullying was negatively associated with both outcomes. These findings indicate that academic achievement is related to domain-specific self-efficacy, reading engagement, students' social experiences, and educational context. The study provides empirical support for targeted interventions that strengthen subject-specific confidence, promote reading interest, and prevent bullying.

Declined JEES: Journal of Education and Educational Sciences

The Relationship Between the Nature of Mathematics, Attitudes Toward Mathematics, Mathematical Literacy, and Computational Thinking: A PLS-SEM Analysis

Desi Wulandari, Septi Reva Ramadhani, Novi Diyananingsih, Neneng aripah

This study aims to assess the relationship between various aspects of mathematics—including mathematical properties, attitudes toward mathematics, mathematical literacy, and computational thinking—among elementary school students. The methodology employed in this study uses a quantitative approach with the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. In this study, a sample of 240 fifth-grade elementary school students from four different schools was selected. Data were collected through tests and questionnaires designed to assess students’ computational thinking skills, mathematical literacy, and their views and attitudes toward mathematics. The results of the study indicate that mathematical nature has a positive and significant effect on attitudes toward mathematics, which in turn impacts mathematical literacy and low-level computational thinking skills. Low-level computational thinking skills also have a strong influence on high-level computational thinking skills. Mediation analysis shows that attitudes toward mathematics, mathematical literacy, and low-level computational thinking skills act as significant mediators. These findings underscore the importance of students’ attitudes and beliefs toward mathematics in enhancing literacy and computational thinking; therefore, learning should be designed in a contextual and meaningful way to support higher-order thinking skills.

Declined JEES: Journal of Education and Educational Sciences

The Relationship Between the Nature of Mathematics, Attitudes Toward Mathematics, Mathematical Literacy, and Computational Thinking: A PLS-SEM Analysis

Desi Wulandari

This study aims to assess the relationship between various aspects of mathematics—including mathematical properties, attitudes toward mathematics, mathematical literacy, and computational thinking—among elementary school students. The methodology employed in this study uses a quantitative approach with the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. In this study, a sample of 240 fifth-grade elementary school students from four different schools was selected. Data were collected through tests and questionnaires designed to assess students’ computational thinking skills, mathematical literacy, and their views and attitudes toward mathematics. The results of the study indicate that mathematical nature has a positive and significant effect on attitudes toward mathematics, which in turn impacts mathematical literacy and low-level computational thinking skills. Low-level computational thinking skills also have a strong influence on high-level computational thinking skills. Mediation analysis shows that attitudes toward mathematics, mathematical literacy, and low-level computational thinking skills act as significant mediators. These findings underscore the importance of students’ attitudes and beliefs toward mathematics in enhancing literacy and computational thinking; therefore, learning should be designed in a contextual and meaningful way to support higher-order thinking skills.

Under Review DUTIES: Education and Humanities International Journal

Fostering Social Connectedness Through Discussion-Based Pedagogy: Evidence from University Virtual Learning Environments

Yasmin Pascual-Dormido, Nida Ankhofiyya

The increasing prevalence of virtual learning environments has highlighted the importance of fostering students’ social connectedness to support meaningful educational experiences. This study examined the relationship between discussion-based pedagogy and university students’ social connectedness in virtual learning environments and identified the pedagogical dimensions that contribute most significantly to this outcome. Employing a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 286 undergraduate students enrolled in virtual courses at a public university. A structured questionnaire measuring discussion-based pedagogy and social connectedness was administered, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple linear regression, and multiple regression analyses. The findings revealed a significant positive association between discussion-based pedagogy and social connectedness, with discussion-based pedagogy explaining a substantial proportion of the variance in students’ social connectedness. Among the pedagogical dimensions examined, peer interaction emerged as the strongest predictor, followed by instructor facilitation, collaborative dialogue, and active participation. In contrast, knowledge sharing did not significantly predict social connectedness when the dimensions were analyzed simultaneously. The findings suggest that discussion-based learning enhances students’ social experiences by promoting meaningful interaction, collaboration, and engagement. The study highlights the importance of interaction-rich pedagogical practices in cultivating socially connected virtual learning communities.

Under Review LEOTECH: Journal of Learning Education and Technology

Examining STEM learning attitude and gender differences computational thinking among elementary school students

Puji Larassati, Siti Aulia Fitrianingsih, Nazwa Olivia Desiyanti, Rovie Dane T. Francisco

STEM learning attitudes and computational thinking (CT) are recognized as essential competencies for 21st-century education, yet empirical evidence linking these constructs among Indonesian elementary school students remains limited. This study aimed to validate a STEM Learning Attitude Scale and examine gender differences in CT skills among fifth-grade elementary school students in Indonesia. A quantitative survey design was employed, involving 266 students for attitude scale validation and 240 students for CT assessment. Data were collected using a 25-item Likert-scale questionnaire adapted from Sun et al. (2021) and an essay-based CT assessment adapted from El-hamamsy & Mondada (2022) and Richardo et al. (2023). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation was conducted via IBM SPSS 29.0, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed using SmartPLS 3. Gender differences in CT were analyzed using an independent samples t-test, and a paired samples t-test was used to compare higher-order and lower-order CT skills. EFA yielded a seven-factor solution with 15 retained items explaining 53.151% of total variance (KMO = 0.834), and the scale demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.889). Female students reported significantly more positive STEM attitudes in mathematics and technology and outperformed male students in overall CT skills. No significant difference was found between higher-order and lower-order CT. This study contributes a culturally validated STEM attitude instrument for the Indonesian elementary context and provides empirical evidence supporting gender-responsive STEM and CT learning strategies.

Declined JEES: Journal of Education and Educational Sciences

Explaining of executive mathematics problem-solving (EM-PS) self-assessment instrument for elementary school students: exploratory factor analysis

Maulana Sodiq

Executive Functions is an ability that has an important role in supporting a process in solving mathematical problems in students. However, the instruments available in these abilities generally only examine executive functions and mathematical problem-solving abilities separately so that they are not able to describe the students' thinking process as a whole. This study uses a qualitative approach with a cross-sectional survey design involving 240 elementary school (SD) students in Cirebon city. This instrument consists of 43 statements that are developed based on the theory of Executive Functions and Mathematical Problem Solving. The data analysis in this study was carried out using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) by identifying six main dimensions, including Enthusiastic Problem Situation, Elect Key Data, Elect Problem Solution (Planning), Elect Problem Solution (Implementation), Evaluation Problem Solution, and Enrich Solution Reflection. The value of the loading factor ranged from 0.456 to 0.999 with a cumulative variance of 85.4%. The test results showed that the entire construct had an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value above 0.50, a Composite Reliability (CR) above 0.70, and a Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) value below 0.90. The findings show that the EM-PS instrument has adequate validity and reliability. Thus, the EM-PS instrument can be used to identify executive function-based mathematical problem-solving abilities in elementary school students. Keywords: executive function, mathematical problem-solving, elementary school, self-assessment instrument, factor analysis.

Under Review JEES: Journal of Education and Educational Sciences

Measuring Stimulating Higher-Order Thinking (SHOT) Among Elementary School: Constructions and Factor Analysis

Fauziyah, Aisa Nur Rahmayani, Nasriyah, Kinar Yoshie

Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) are essential competencies that need to be developed starting in elementary school to support students’ critical, analytical, and creative thinking abilities. Instruments capable of comprehensively measuring HOTS in elementary school students are still limited and have not yet received sufficient empirical evidence of validity. This study aims to test the construct validity of Stimulating Higher-Order Thinking (SHOT) as an instrument for measuring HOTS in elementary school students. This study employed a quantitative approach with an ex post facto design involving 363 elementary school students in Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. Data were collected through a closed-ended questionnaire covering six dimensions: Perceived Relevance (PR), Perceived Student Ability (PSA), Self-Efficacy (SE), Context-Dependency (CD), Teaching Activities (TA), and Encouraging Students (ES). Data analysis was conducted using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) based on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the study indicate that the SHOT construct is multidimensional and is represented by six main dimensions. An evaluation of the measurement model shows that all constructs meet the criteria for convergent validity and composite reliability, although some dimensions still exhibit high conceptual interrelatedness. This study concludes that the SHOT construct has the potential to serve as a conceptual framework for representing HOTS in elementary school students; however, several indicators still need refinement to strengthen its psychometric quality. The contribution of this study lies in providing empirical evidence regarding the structure of the SHOT construct in the context of elementary education. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of cognitive, affective, and contextual dimensions into a single, more comprehensive HOTS measurement framework.

Submission MATCHA: Journal of Modern Approaches to Communication, Humanities, and Academia

Assessment of School Adjustment of Pupils Living in Orphanage Homes in Kwara State, Nigeria

Usman Tunde Saadu

The increasing number of orphaned children due different challenges raises concerns about their capacity to integrate successfully into formal education systems. Hence, this study assessed the school adjustment skills of pupils living in orphanage homes in Kwara State, Nigeria. The research used descriptive survey design for the population of 835 primary school pupils living in 18 registered orphanage homes across Kwara State. The study targeted 146 primary school pupils, and census sampling was used due to the manageable population size. Data were gathered using a self-constructed instrument titled Pupils School Adjustment Rating Scale (PSARS), which was teacher-rated and comprised 15 items on a 4-point Likert scale. Face and content validity were established through expert review, while reliability was confirmed through a pilot study, yielding a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.90. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions, while ANOVA and t-tests were applied to test hypotheses at a 0.05 significance level. Results indicated a high level of school adjustment (M = 3.35), with no significant differences based on gender (t = 0.269, p > 0.05) or school location (t = -0.191, p > 0.05). However, a significant difference was found based on duration of stay in the orphanage (F(2,142) = 8.307, p < 0.05), with those staying 6–10 years showing better adjustment. The study concluded that a stable and supportive orphanage environment enhances pupils’ school adjustment. It recommended strengthening caregiver orientation, promoting gender equity in school programs, and ensuring equitable teaching practices across orphanage home schools.

Submission MATCHA: Journal of Modern Approaches to Communication, Humanities, and Academia

Assessment of Socio-Emotional Skill of Pupils Living in Orphanage Homes in Kwara State, Nigeria

Usman Tunde Saadu

The development of socio-emotional skills is crucial for pupils’ academic success, social integration, and psychological well-being, particularly for vulnerable populations such as orphans. This study assessed the socio-emotional skills of pupils living in orphanage homes in Kwara State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was employed. The population comprised 835 primary school pupils residing in 18 registered orphanage homes across the state. The target population was 146 pupils in upper primary classes, selected using census sampling due to the manageable size. Data were collected using a self-constructed instrument titled Pupils’ Socio-Emotional Skill Rating Scale (PSESRS), completed by teachers. The instrument contained 20 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Face and content validity were confirmed by experts in educational psychology. A pilot study yielded Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of 0.88, indicating high internal consistency. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) were used to answer research questions, while t-tests and ANOVA tested hypotheses at the 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed a high level of socio-emotional skills among the pupils (M = 3.31). No significant differences were found based on gender (t = 0.192, p > 0.05) or school location (t = -0.246, p > 0.05), but a significant difference existed based on duration of stay in the orphanage (F(2,142) = 7.864, p < 0.05). Pupils with longer stays exhibited higher socio-emotional competence. The study concluded that stable, structured orphanage environments foster strong socio-emotional development. Recommendations include continuous caregiver training, early intervention for new intakes, and incorporating structured socio-emotional learning programs into orphanage education systems.