The Influence of Attitude and Independence on Elementary School Students' Learning Comfort: Assessing PLS-SEM Results—Part III: Evaluation of the Structural Model

This study aims to analyze the extent of the contribution of students' attitudes and independence to the perception of comfort in the learning process at the elementary school level. The main problem raised is the low level of learning independence which is assumed to have a correlation with the quality of the learning environment and the affective characteristics of students. The study adopted a quantitative approach through a survey method, with data collection carried out through the distribution of questionnaires to elementary school students. The data analysis was carried out using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach with the help of SmartPLS software. The research instrument was compiled based on indicators adapted from previous research and measured using a four-point Likert scale. The sample consisted of 240 elementary school students in West Java Province, consisting of 124 male students and 116 female students with an age range between 9 and 11 years. The results of the analysis showed that the three main hypotheses in the study obtained a significance value (p-value) below 0.05, which indicates a statistically significant relationship. These findings confirm that the variables of attitude and independence have a significant influence on students' learning comfort. The developed model also showed adequate fit (model fit), as reflected in the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) value of 0.087, which is still within the tolerance limit although slightly above the ideal standard. The implications of these findings emphasize the importance of strengthening aspects of students' attitudes and independence as a basis for the formulation of more effective learning strategies at the elementary school level. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct follow-up research with a wider coverage of the population and consider additional variables that have the potential to affect comfort in the learning process.