Implementation of Mineral and Coal Mining Business Permit Policy in Murung Raya Regency

Mining of minerals and coal is one of Indonesia's strategic sectors contributing significantly to national development. However, the implementation of mining business permit policies often encounters gaps between legal norms and practical realities, particularly at the regional level. This study aims to analyze the implementation of mineral and coal mining business permit policies in Murung Raya Regency, identify the factors affecting their effectiveness, and formulate recommendations for policy improvement. Using a qualitative–empirical method with a socio-legal research approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis involving government officials, mining companies, and local communities. The findings indicate that weak communication, limited resources, and overlapping authority have hindered effective policy implementation, resulting in poor supervision, low corporate compliance, and significant social–environmental impacts. The study concludes that the main issue lies not in regulatory substance but in governance effectiveness at the local level. This research contributes to the field of public policy and administrative law by providing empirical insights into local governance dynamics and offering strategies for strengthening transparency, accountability, and sustainable resource management in Indonesia's mining sector.